Answer:
Albert Camus
First published Thu Oct 27, 2011; substantive revision Mon Apr 10, 2017
Albert Camus (1913–1960) was a journalist, editor and editorialist, playwright and director, novelist and author of short stories, political essayist and activist—and, although he more than once denied it, a philosopher. He ignored or opposed systematic philosophy, had little faith in rationalism, asserted rather than argued many of his main ideas, presented others in metaphors, was preoccupied with immediate and personal experience, and brooded over such questions as the meaning of life in the face of death. Although he forcefully separated himself from existentialism, Camus posed one of the twentieth century’s best-known existentialist questions, which launches The Myth of Sisyphus: “There is only one really serious philosophical question, and that is suicide” (MS, 3). And his philosophy of the absurd has left us with a striking image of the human fate: Sisyphus endlessly pushing his rock up the mountain only to see it roll back down each time he gains the top. Camus’s philosophy found political expression in The Rebel, which along with his newspaper editorials, political essays, plays, and fiction earned him a reputation as a great moralist. It also embroiled him in conflict with his friend, Jean-Paul Sartre, provoking the major political-intellectual divide of the Cold-War era as Camus and Sartre became, respectively, the leading intellectual voices of the anti-Communist and pro-Communist left. Furthermore, in posing and answering urgent philosophical questions of the day, Camus articulated a critique of religion and of the Enlightenment and all its projects, including Marxism. In 1957 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. He died in a car accident in January, 1960, at the age of 46.
1. The Paradoxes of Camus’s Absurdist Philosophy
2. Nuptials and Camus’s Starting Point
3. Suicide, Absurdity and Happiness: The Myth of Sisyphus
3.1 Suicide as a Response to Absurdity
3.2 The Limits of Reason
3.3 Criticism of Existentialists
3.4 Happiness in Facing One’s Fate
3.5 Response to Skepticism
4. Camus and the World of Violence: The Rebel
4.1 Absurdity, Rebellion, and Murder
4.2 Against Communism
4.3 Violence: Inevitable and Impossible
5. Philosopher of the Present
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