Answer:
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive organs are the vagina, womb (uterus), fallopian tubes and ovaries:
Vagina – a muscular canal around 7.5 cm long that extends from the neck of the womb to the genitals, or vulva
Uterus (womb) – a muscular organ, shaped like an upside down pear. Its lining is called the endometrium. The neck or entrance to the womb is the cervix, which has a small hole in its centre called the os
Fallopian (uterine) tubes – these tubes extend from the womb, one on each side. They both open near an ovary. These tubes carry the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the womb
Ovaries – two small almond-shaped glands that contain ova. Sex hormones are also made by the ovaries.
The menstrual cycle
Hormones secreted by the ovaries and a small gland in the brain called the pituitary gland control the menstrual cycle. The average menstrual cycle is around 28 days.
After a period, rising levels of the hormone oestrogen help to thicken the lining of the womb (the endometrium). At mid-cycle, an egg is released from one of the ovaries (ovulation). If the egg is fertilised on its journey down the fallopian tube, it lodges in the womb lining.
If the egg is unfertilised, falling levels of the hormone progesterone make the womb lining come away. This is called a period, or menstruation. The cycle then repeats.
When you want to have a baby you can improve your chance of getting pregnant if you know about ovulation and the ‘fertile window’ in the menstrual cycle. Read more on ovulation and fertility window.
The egg (ovum)
A female’s entire egg supply is developed when she is still an unborn baby. At the start of puberty, the eggs are ripened inside the ovary and released every month.
Each egg contains genetic material. At menopause, the ovaries stop making hormones and eggs are no longer ripened or released.
Female reproductive system problems
Some of the conditions women may experience at some time in their lives include:
Endometriosis – the presence and growth of functioning endometrial tissue in places other than the uterus
Fibroids – non-malignant tumours of the womb
Infertility – inability to become pregnant
Painful periods
Premenstrual tension
STIs – bacteria or viruses acquired through sexual contact, some of which can cause cancer or infertility.
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The male reproductive system
The male reproductive organs are the penis, the testicles, the epididymis, the vas deferens and the prostate gland:
Penis – contains tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal, making the penis erect (or ‘hard’). Semen is a mixture of sperm and fluid from the male reproductive organs. It exits the penis, through the urethra, during ejaculation
The testicles (testes) – small oval sex glands located in a skin sack called the scrotum. Sperm and sex hormones are made by the testicles. Keeping the testicles outside of the body means they have a lower temperature, which is important for sperm production
Epididymis – a series of small tubes attached to the back of each testicle. The epididymis collects and stores sperm
Vas deferens – the epididymis eventually becomes the vas deferens, a larger tube that transports sperm to the urethra (the urinary passage from the bladder)
Accessory sex glands – including the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and the bulbourethral glands. These glands contribute nourishing fluid to the sperm.
Male reproductive hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers made by glands in the body. Androgens are the hormones that make men ‘male’.
Androgens are responsible for sexual functioning, fertility and secondary sexual characteristics such as muscle mass, height, deep voice and body hair (including the beard). The most important androgen is testosterone, which is manufactured in the testicles.
The sperm
The sperm is the male reproductive cell. Its role is to fertilise an egg. It contains the man’s genetic material in its head.
A sperm is tadpole-shaped and around 60 microns in length (one micron is a millionth of a metre). It has a lashing tail, which helps it to ‘swim’ towards a waiting egg. Sperm production requires a temperature around 2 °C lower than that of the body, which is why the testicles are housed in the scrotum and happens. Sperm production continues throughout a man’s life, from puberty into old age.
Male reproductive system problems
Some of the conditions men may experience at some time in their lives include:
Impotence – a problem with getting or keeping an erection
Infertility – the inability to achieve a pregnancy in a fertile woman due to low sperm production, blockages or other factors
Prostate disease – benign prostate enlargement and prostate cancer
STIs – bacteria or viruses acquired through sexual contact.
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