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The Endocrine System
The nervous system is directly connected to another system of the body, the endocrine system. Together these systems control all the functions of the human body.
The endocrine system works more slowly than the nervous system. Instead of electrical impulses, the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones. Most of the body's hormones are produced in the endocrine glands, special groups of cells that make and release the hormones for the body.
The hormones released by the endocrine glands speed up or slow down the process of certain cells. Each hormone can affect only a specific group of cells, know as its target cells. These target cells are programmed by genes to receive only a certain hormone. Special receptors in the target cell bind to the hormone, causing the cell to function differently.
Hormones influence almost all the cells, organs, and functions of your body. They regulate whether you feel hungry or full, how your body uses food, and how you handle stress. Some hormones control your growth process, body temperature, and even your sleep.
The hypothalamus is a group of special cells near the base of the brain. Neurons in the hypothalamus help regulate the pituitary gland, which is located just underneath it. Even though it is only about the size of a pea, the pituitary gland is very important for your body. Sometimes called the master gland, the pituitary gland produces hormones that control other glands in the endocrine system. This gland also produces a growth hormone that helps bones grow and develop.
Many times the amount of hormones released also depends on the circumstances in a person's life. Your body has two adrenal glands located on top of your kidneys. These glands help your body respond to stressful or dangerous situations. They release a substance called adrenaline which increases your blood pressure and heart rate during stress. These hormones also increase a person's heart rate and cause a person to tremble when he is nervous or scared.
The pancreas is located near the stomach, and it releases the hormone insulin. Insulin helps to control the amount of sugar in the bloodstream. If a person's pancreas does not make enough insulin, a disease called diabetes could develop.
Your thyroid gland is located in your neck, just below your voice box. This gland is shaped like a butterfly. It controls how your body uses food to make energy. It also influences your body's growth and development. If the thyroid releases too many hormones, a person may become nervous or hyperactive or may lose too much weight. When the gland does not release enough of the hormones, the person often gains weight and feels tired all the time.
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