Answer:
1. The formation of soil begins with the weathering of bare rock and sediment surfaces that disintegrate under the influence of climate. Freezing and thawing, wind, water and gravity break soil parent material into smaller units or cause solid rock to crack. Disintegration is most intense where external forces are powerful. Sooner or later, the impact of these forces lets rock break down and the surface area of formerly consolidated material increase; weathering accelerates and rock becomes even more susceptible.
2. The five factors are:
1) parent material,
2) relief or topography,
3) organisms (including humans),
4) climate,
5) time.
