Sagot :
Answer:
For the purposes of this project the "colonial" period is essentially the period between World War I and World War II while the precolonial material presented here covers the 19th century up to World War I. .
Explanation:
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Answer:
Explanation:
Jose Mathew Luga
, M.A. History & Asian Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman (2020)
Updated 2 years ago
Originally Answered: What are the differences and similarities between pre-colonial Philippines and colonial Philippines?
When we discuss history, we consider continuities. Though the Spaniards and other colonizers have imposed various cultural changes upon conquest (16th-19th Century Spanish colonization - 20th Century American colonization - 4 year Japanese occupation), we cannot deny that continuities did exist.
Continuities (Similarities)
1.) For one, our strong sense of religion has continued from the pre-hispanic times (Animism-Babaylan) to the colonial period (Catholicism-Priests).
2.) Another continuity is that the Spaniards capitalized on our strong pre-hispanic maritime practice of boat building (karakoa) and incorporated it in their ship-building yards in Cavite (galleons) . Also, just as how our precolonial ancestors voyaged the seas and rivers, the Indios were also hired in the voyage of these galleons to Acapulco.
3.) Prior to Spanish colonization, we already had strong trading ties with China — and the Spaniards again recognized and capitalized on this by keeping a restricted number of Chinese in Manila, for the sake of the Galleon Trade (80–90% of the Galleon’s contents were drawn from Chinese junk traders).
4.) The former datus of the precolonial period, upon conquest, were co-opted by the Spaniards to join the new colonial order, by giving them positions in their government — making them Cabezas de Barangay, and giving them the title of Don in the process (these Datus will now collect taxes for the Spanish government, in exchange for privileges such as tax and forced labor exemptions)
5.) And, how can we forget the continuity, and in fact exacerbation of regionalism under Spanish rule. Prior to colonialism, the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries politically functioned around the Mandala system, with each Mandala being independent and autonomous from the other (in a sense, this is made manifest in the Philippine’s Bayan). However, upon Spanish and American conquest, they have recognized that the best way to pacify the islands was to make each of these centers fight for their own benefit — hence the divide and conquer policy.
Yet, due to the colonial enterprise, we cannot deny the fact that cultural changes were imposed in the Philippines, altering numerous precolonial practices. Some of these important changes are:
Differences
1.) Gender inequality: prior to colonial rule, women had an equally important rule in the societal affairs of a bayan, with women playing the role of babaylan (cultural leader of the society). However, with the arrival of the Spanish priest, the babaylan’s cultural and religious role was undermined, and was simply relegated to the walls of the convent, or as assistants of priests.
2.) Concept of Civilization: our houses back then were light and mobile bahay kubos and this is because we did not have strictly defined boundaries then, rather we followed the leader, who is the center of the Mandala system (Datus). Whereas in the pueblo, Filipinos were forced to live in concrete houses of bahay na batos, where the center of power now was both church and state, represented in how the pueblo is built around the plaza with the church and the town hall being in the center (hence a more permanent and settled conception of civilization — following the Western concept of Civitas: Cities).
3.) Reduced Political Power of Filipinos: Though datus were co-opted into the Spanish administration as cabezas de barangay, their powers were now severely limited to that of tribute collection, devoid of their previous abilities and privileges to call men to arms, to have more than one wife, and have numerous slaves. This practice of denigrating Filipino political ability continued to the late 19th century with Filipinos being denied liberal reform. Even under the American regime, Filipinos were seen as incapable of self-rule, hence they were only given limited autonomy even during the Commonwealth period (we had no foreign affairs secretary under the Commonwealth hence we were not allowed to diplomatically interact with other nations — we still had to conduct our foreign affairs through the United States government).