Directions: Express your understanding of the lesson in this module by supplying the blanks in the following sentence with a word or a phrase. I learned that (1) either (2) application in matter results to and (3) The presence or absence of (4) effects matter. Common examples are (5) (6) has various and on - 3 Fire will continue its flame provided that there is continuous supply of (7) (8) and (9) In the absence of oxygen, there will be (10) that will occur. Another example of change in the material when oxygen is present is rusting. (11) is formed when iron and oxygen react with water or air moisture. Some changes in matter may results to (12) (13) effects on the environment. We have to do our share in maintaining (14) environment. We must (15) too much use of electricity and gasoline. We must also avoid (16) rubber tires and plastics. Lasty, we must try to minimize practices that will produce acid rain, increase global temperature, or deplete the ozone layer. au
Like a gas, plasma does not have definite shape or volume. Unlike gases, plasmas are electrically conductive, produce magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly to electromagnetic forces. Positively charged nuclei swim in a “sea” of freely-moving disassociated electrons, similar to the way such charges exist in conductive metal. In fact it is this electron “sea” that allows matter in the plasma state to conduct electricity.
2.).The plasma state is often misunderstood, but it is actually quite common on Earth, and the majority of people observe it on a regular basis without even realizing it. Lightning, electric sparks, fluorescent lights, neon lights, plasma televisions, some types of flame and the stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state.
3.).A gas is usually converted to a plasma in one of two ways, either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or by exposing it to extremely high temperatures
4.).Heating matter to high temperatures causes electrons to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. At very high temperatures,
5.).The appearance of superconductivity is associated with a phase transition, so there are superconductive states. Likewise, ferromagnetic states are demarcated by phase transitions and have distinctive properties.
6./7.).The state or phase of a given set of matter can change depending on pressure and temperature conditions, transitioning to other phases as these conditions change to favor their existence; for example, solid transitions to liquid with an increase in temperature. Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point, boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms.
8.).this state the molecules flow as in a liquid, but they all point in the same direction (within each domain) and cannot rotate freely.
Other types of liquid crystals are described in the main article on these states.
9.).Transition metal atoms often have magnetic moments due to the net spin of electrons that remain unpaired and do not form chemical bonds.
10.).In a ferromagnet—for instance, solid iron—the magnetic moment on each atom is aligned in the same direction (within a magnetic domain).
11.).Phase Transitions of Liquid Crystal PAA in Confined Geometries”. Journal of Physical Chemistry
12.).Electronic Structure of Materials. Oxford Science Publications.
13.).Water Structure and Science. Retrieved
Gas Dynamics: Theory and Applications
14.).Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties of Materials. Alpha Science.
15.).Introduction to Plasma Physics: With Space and Laboratory ApplicationsSpace Weather: The Physics Behind a Slogan
16.).An antiferromagnet has two networks of equal and opposite magnetic moments, which cancel each other out so that the net magnetization is zero. For example, in nickel(II) oxide (NiO), half the nickel atoms have moments aligned in one direction and half in the opposite direction.
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