GROUNDWATER RELATE TO SURFACE WATER
Answer:
The goal of the USGS Integrated Watershed Studies is to better understand and quantify the interactions between surface water and groundwater. This knowledge is used to predict how water's chemical quality will change as a result of changes in climate, land use, or management techniques. Methods for quantifying the transport of water and pollutants between the watershed are developed in Integrated Watershed Studies. In most settings, surface water and groundwater systems are linked. Streams interact with groundwater in three ways: they receive water from groundwater inflow through the streambed, they lose water from groundwater outflow through the streambed, or they do both depending on where they are along the stream. It is the contribution of groundwater that keeps streams flowing between rainstorms or after snowmelt. The water table in the region of the stream must be higher than the stream water surface for a stream to gain water. The water table must be below the elevation of the stream-water surface in the vicinity of the stream for it to lose water to groundwater. A stream section may get water from groundwater for part of the year and lose water to groundwater at other times if the water table varies greatly throughout the year. Groundwater flows into a watershed, where it is transformed into surface water. In a watershed, surface water accumulates and seeps into the earth. Lakes and marshes, for example, can receive groundwater inflow, recharge groundwater, or do both. The mixing of water qualities occurs when water moves between groundwater and surface-water systems.
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