Mutualism
- Association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits.
Significance
-Mutualisms are crucial to the reproduction and survival of many plants and animals and to nutrient cycles in ecosystems
Ex.
Oxpeckers are small bird commonly found on rhinoceroses. The oxpecker feeds on the parasites that cover the rhinoceroses' skin. The bird gets a meal and the rhinoceros is relieved of the harmful parasites.
Organism 1 - Oxpecker (Benefits)
Organism 2 - Rhinoceroses (Benefits)
Symbotic Relationship - Mutualism
Commensalism
- A relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter.
Significance
- A commensal species benefits from another species by obtaining locomotion, shelter, food, or support from the host species, which (for the most part) neither benefits nor is harmed.
Ex.
Cattle Egrets are type of bird commonly found on farms. As cattle, horses, and other livestock graze (eat grass) on the field, they caused movements that stir up various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the cattle egrets following the livestock catch and feed upon them.
Organism 1 - Cattle Egrets (Benefits)
Oragnism 2 - Livestock (Neutral)
Symbotic Relationship - Commensalism
Parasitism
- Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Significance
- Parasites also influence host behavior and fitness, and can regulate host population sizes, sometimes with profound effects on trophic interactions, food webs, competition, biodiversity and keystone species.
Ex.
Tapeworms are a particular species of worm that resides the small intestine of mammals (including humans). The tapeworm latches on to the walls of the small intestine, and siphons (steals) nutrients from the animals's digestive tract. This can cause severe nutrient deficiency, weakness, and extreme weight-loss for the mammal.
Organism 1- Tapeworms (Benefits)
Organism 2- Small Intestine (Harmed)
Symbotic Relationship - Parasitism
Predation
- Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.
Significance
- Predation can directly regulate prey numbers and indirectly regulate their survival via habitat availability, individual growth, and trophic structure.
Competition
- Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply.
Significance
- The best competitors are the ones who survive and get to pass on their genes.
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