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Learning Task 1: Decide whether each of the listening strategies below should be categorized as TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP strategies.

___1. Taking down notes
___2. Listening for specific details
___3. Identifying the speaker
___4. Summarizing
___5. Drawing references
___6. Recognizing cognates
___7. Recognizing divisions between words
___8. Listening for the main idea
___9. Recognizing word-order patterns
___10. Making predictions​