A. I, II and III
The transmission of pathogens from bats to humans or other animals occurs by direct contact with infected animals, their blood and tissue or through vector species. One of the most important vector groups are insects. With more than a million described species, they are the most diverse group of animals.
Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, sandflies, and blackflies. Arthropod vectors are cold-blooded (ectothermic) and thus especially sensitive to climatic factors.
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